Liver and its importance in human body && how liver cells damaged by medicines

Why? The liver converts acetaminophen into N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) in an attempt to get rid of it. (“N-acetyl what??” Don’t worry about pronouncing it, there will be no test at the end of this blog). The problem is that NAPQI requires huge amounts of a really important endogenous (body-made) antioxidant called glutathione in order to make it less toxic. Glutathione is responsible for scavenging all the free radicals produced all over the body by various (often normal!) metabolic processes. NAPQI chews up glutathione in massive quantities, leaving excess free radicals to burn and cause DNA and cellular damage all over the body. The liver then has to deal with not only the lack of glutathione, but the highly toxic NAPQI. Hepatocellular (liver cell) damage, necrosis (ugly cell death), and liver failure follows.

The super rad chemical structure and how it is converted in the body (for all you nerds out there). Paracetamol is just another name for acetaminophen. GSH in an abbreviation for glutathione (the purple arrow). The blue arrows show other pathways the liver can use for detoxification too.

Okay, so you’ve taken Tylenol in the past and you didn’t die, so no harm, no foul, right? Sort of. The liver is an incredibly resilient organ, so in most normal people it takes the hit, waits until the acetaminophen passes, restores glutathione (if you eat right) and then rebuilds liver cells. BUT, in small children, in anyone with liver damage, or in large doses it can lead to liver failure.
Acetaminophen has a much lower maximum daily dose than almost any other over the counter medication. Adults should take NO MORE than 3,000 mg per day. That is six 500-mg pills per day. Children’s dose is at maximum 80 mg/kg per day. Most people have no idea what that means, which is why pediatricians give you a dosing chart. Do NOT exceed that dose!! The problem is that acetaminophen is in many combination products, including over the counter cough syrups, Nyquil, pain formulas and more. Read the labels carefully!
I have more reasons to loathe acetaminophen, including the implications of depleting glutathione in developing children. Here is that follow-up blog post again: Just say “NO” to Tylenol: Acetaminophen causes autism?

Until then, here’s your review:

1. It’s not the degree of fever, but how your child looks that matters.
2. Avoid acetaminophen whenever possible. When you do use it, read the label carefully and never exceed the recommended amount. Check all your pain, flu and fever combination products for their active ingredients, and never combine Tylenol with other over-the-counter formulas.

Don’t believe me? Here’s a great article from Seattle Children’s Hospital about the Myths of Fever.
And here is another great post, written by my colleague, about how to overcome your Fever Phobia.

Story on "Today's doctors treatment and death by medicines"

Now a days there is big business is going on namely “Check-up” ……why I am saying like that? What’s wrong in it, I will tell u reasons……You are alright now…..if u are alright  go for check-Up in hospital you come out as a patient…………..how I will tell u all.

Today u have body scanner called TBS (Total body scanner it scans 500 parameters of our body)….based on those reports doctors judge whether u are normal are abnormal (patient)

First of all what is normal B.P is 120/80 whether it true………….then mahatma Gandhi’s Blood Pressure B.P is 210/120 all the time and he is alright at that time and he getting sleep well but lot of peoples are not getting sleep with high blood pressure. Brownbox’s B.P is 60/40, he is the strongest man in world.so what is the problem the text book says B.P is 12/80 for human being it is average (statistical average B.P) it is not a normal.

OK leave it let me go for Normal height for Indian male is about 5.4 plus (or) minus 2%. i.e 5.2-5.6 is normal height for Indian male.

Now Amitabh bachchan comes for checkup his height is 6.2.our treatment is cut down his legs to get height into 5.6……………..and jaya bachchan comes her height is 4.5, our treatment transplant his legs to her to make normal height……….what is this………….this is what the doctors doing treatment to us.

i.e they made average becomes normal……by that time there is huge errors called false positive, for every one parameter false positive (error) in statistic’s is 5%............now TBS scans 500 parameters. So false positive (error) is 5*500=2,500%. i.e for every 100 peoples gone to check up means we will get 2,500 patients remarks in that………see how beautiful business it is……..

so that was professor of medicine America, her name is  Lyon isan and this girl was 52 years old, she was very brilliant professor. One day she was worried about what she was teaching to the students. For that she asked a question to brightest boy in a class. The question is “Who is a patient???”. She was expecting esoteric answer from that boy, but the boy very simply said “The man whom (or) whose seeks doctor become a patient”, she got shock of her life, she said, “then when does the he (or) she becomes a man or human again”. The boy thought for a while and said “rarely ever madam, if ever.”. This girl is resigned her job professor of medicine America at the age of 52, she realized everything wrong about medicine. She sat the MCAT test got good score and she joined medical school, in that school she is student again, went through 4 years and come out again & she said “everything up to now we thought is wrong”, she wrote an article on that, it is suppressed by medical companies.

Human Brain V/S Super computer

My question is human already developed a supercomputer which can work almost equivalent to human brain but size and power(energy) required to operation is very huge.

SUPERCOMPUTER requires 200 MW && HUMAN BRAIN requires just 20 Watts 

HOW wonder it is......how powerful we are.........Let me explain clearly

 HUMAN BRAIN SYSTEM

Bibliographic Entry	Result (w/surrounding text)	Standardized Result
Drubach, Daniel. The Brain Explained. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2000.	"Although the brain accounts for less than 2% of a person's weight, it consumes 20% of the body's energy."	20 W
"Body, Physics of." Macmillan Encyclopedia of Physics. New York: Macmillan, 1996.	"The average power consumption of a typical adult is about 100 W."	20 W
Brown, Guy. The Energy of Life. New York: Free Press, 1999.	"The human brain is only 2% of the weight of the body, but it consumes about 20% of the total energy in the body at rest."	20 W
Hart, Leslie. How the Brain Works. New York: Basic Books, Publishers, 1975.	"Even so, the brain when awake demands a greedy share of the body's energy supply: thought weighing about 1/50 of the body total, it may use as much as 1/5 of all the energy that is consumed."	20 W
Yang, Eric. "Think Dinner." Mac Evolution. 13 February 1998.	"It's well known that the human brain accounts for about 20% of the total oxygen consumption when a person is at rest, so let us assume that the brain accounts for 20% of the total body energy consumption."	20 W

The brain makes up 2% of a person's weight. Despite this, even at rest, the brain consumes 20% of the body's energy. The brain consumes energy at 10 times the rate of the rest of the body per gram of tissue. The average power consumption of a typical adult is 100 Watts and the brain consumes 20% of this making the power of the brain 20 W. 

Based on a 2400 calorie diet (Adapted from Yang) 

2400 "food calorie" = 2400 kcal

2400 kcal / 24 hr = 100 kcal/hr = 27.8 cal/sec = 116.38 J/s = 116 W

20% x 116 W = 23.3 W 

Glucose is the main energy source for the brain. As the size and complexity of the brain increases, energy requirements increase. 

The human brain is one of the most energy hungry organs in the body thereby increasing its vulnerability. If the energy supply is cut off for 10 minutes, there is permanent brain damage. There is no other organ nearly as sensitive to changes in its energy supply. 

In 1955, Albert Einstein's brain was preserved for research. Three scientific papers have been published examining the features of Einstein's brain. Albert Einstein's brain differed to normal men's brain in that his brain had more glial cells per neuron that might indicate that neurons in Einstein's brain had an increased "metabolic need"-- they needed and used more energy. Einstein's brain weighed only 1,230 grams, which is less than the average adult male brain (about 1,400 grams). The thickness of Einstein's cerebral cortex was thinner. However, the density of neurons in Einstein's brain was greater. In other words, Einstein was able to pack more neurons in a given area of cortex. 

The most recent study concerning Einstein's brain was published in the British medical journal The Lancet, on June 19, 1999. They found that a portion of the brain that governs mathematical abilities and spatial reasoning -- 2 key ingredients to the sort of thinking Einstein did best -- was 15% wider than average allowing better connection between its cells, which could have allowed them to work together more efficiently.

SUPER COMPUTER TECHNOLOGIES

I will just show the statistics of last attempt to mimic the brain process.

In 2011 fastest computer in Japan was launched:

K computer OR SPARC64 VIIIfx 2.0GHz

Features:

• Manufacturer: Fujitsu
• 
  
• · Cores: 705,024
• 
  
• · Linpack Performance (Rmax) 10,510 TFlop/s
• 
  
• · Theoretical Peak (Rpeak) 11,280.4 TFlop/s
• 
  
• · Power: 12,659.89 kW
• 
  
• · Memory: 1,410,048 GB (16GB RAM per CPU)
• 
  
• · Processor: SPARC64 VIIIfx 8C 2GHz (88,128 CPUs, 8-core each)
• 
  
• · Operating System: Linux

It's currently world's 4th fastest supercomputer.

Source: Top 500 Supercoputers

Image Source: http://wondergressive.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/WG-k-computer.jpg

Now,

An 83,000-Processor Supercomputer Can Only Match 1% of Your Brain

...The most accurate simulation of the human brain to date has been carried out in a Japanese supercomputer, with a single second’s worth of activity from just one per cent of the complex organ taking one of the world’s most powerful supercomputers 40 minutes to calculate. Researchers used the K computer in Japan, currently the fourth most powerful in the world, to simulate human brain activity. The computer has 705,024 processor cores and 1.4 million GB of RAM, but still took 40 minutes to crunch the data for just one second of brain activity...

Source:http://gizmodo.com/an-83-000-processor-supercomputer-only-matched-one-perc-1045026757

TECHNOLOGY IMPROVED SUCH A WAY GIVEN BELOW

Top 10 Supercomputers, Illustrated (June 2013)

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The twice-a-year list of the Top 500 supercomputers documents the most powerful systems on the planet. Many of these supercomputers are striking not just for their processing power, but for their design and appearance as well. Here’s a look at the top finishers in the latest Top 500 list, which was released earlier today at the ISC13 supercomputing conference in Leipzing, Germany. 

TIANHE 2, Guangzhou Supercomputing Center

A look at the new supercomputing champion, the Tinahe-2 (Milky Way 2) system from China. 

This powerful new system is the second Chinese supercomputer to place first in the Top500, following in the footsteps of its namesake Tianhe-1, which topped the list in 2010. The Tianhe-2 system (also known as Milky Way 2) is the world’s new number one system with a performance of 33.86 petaflop/s on the Linpack benchmark, well ahead of the runner-up Titan supercomputer. Its 16,000 nodes will also boast a lot of memory, with 88GB per node, for a total of 1.404 petabytes of system memory. A proprietary optoelectronics hybrid transport interconnect technology and global shared parallel storage system containing 12.4 petabytes round out the specifications.There are 32,000 Intel Ivy Bridge Xeon sockets and 48,000 Xeon Phi boards for a total of 3,120,000 cores. The TH-2 system would represent the largest installation of Intel Ivy Bridge processors and Intel Phi coprocessors. Phi is Intel’s Many Integrated Core (MIC) architecture for highly parallel workloads. The Tianhe-2 system will have a peak power consumption under load of 17.6 megawatts. 

TITAN SUPERCOMPUTER, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

The Titan supercomputer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory is now in second position on the Top500. (Photo: Oak Ridge National Laboratory)

After leading the Top500 in November, the Titan supercomputer, a Cray XK7 system installed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee, is the runner-up this time with a mark of 17.59 Petaflops (quadrillions of calculations per second) on the Linpack benchmark. Titan has 560,640 processors, including 261,632 NVIDIA K20x accelerator cores. The 200-cabinet Cray supercomputer has a second life, having ruled the Top 500 as Jaguar. The system has been overhauled with faster hardware and networking system, and taken on a new name to reflect its super-charged capabilities. Titan has been accelerated by a hybrid computing architecture teaming traditional central processing units (CPUs) from AMD with the high-speed graphics processing units (GPUs) from NVIDIA to create a faster and more efficient machine. Each of Titan’s 200 cabinets will require up to 54 kilowatts of power, an intense high-density load. The system is cooled with an advanced cooling system developed by Cray, which uses both water and refrigerants. Titan is one of the most energy efficient systems on the list, consuming a total of 8.21 MW and delivering 2,143 Mflops/W. The ECOPhlex (short for PHase-change Liquid Exchange) cooling system uses two cooling loops, one filled with a refrigerant (R-134a ), and the other with chilled water.

SEQUOIA SUPERCOMPUTER, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Sequoia is an the LLNL system that is now the third-most pwoerful supercomputer in the world. (Photo: IBM)

In the third position is Sequoia, the champ in the June 2012 Top 500, a Blue Gene/Q supercomputer built on IBM Power architecture at the Department of Energy’s Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Californa. Sequoia consists of 96 racks; 98,304 compute nodes, 1.6 million cores and 1.6 petabytes of memory, and achieved 17.17 petaflop/s on the Linpack benchmark. Sequoia is also one of the most energy efficient systems on the list, consuming a total of 7.84 MW and delivering 2,031.6 Mflops/W.The National Nuclear Security Administration uses Sequoia to research the safety, security and reliability of the United States’ nuclear deterrent , replacing the need for underground testing.

K SUPERCOMPUTER, RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science (AICS), Japan

The “K” supercomputer, a two-time Top 500 champion, is now the number four system. Installed at the RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science (AICS) in Kobe, Japan, the K Computer it achieved an impressive 10.51 Petaflop/s on the Linpack benchmark using 705,024 SPARC64 processing cores. The K Computer is joint project by Fujitsu and the RIKEN center, and was the first supercomputer to achieve a performance level of 10 Petaflop/s, or 10 quadrillion calculations per second. The K computer had taken the No. 1 position in both June 2011 and November 2011. The K computer is now supported by a 6 megawatt gas turbine cogeneration system, part of the electrical facilities at RIKEN.

Experience with biennial international conference PESTSE-2016 organized by Amrita School of Engineering, Bengaluru.

It is great honor to share my experience with biennial international conference PESTSE-2016 organized by Amrita School of Engineering, Bengaluru. Generally the Conferences can extend our thoughts over broad limits. Our success depends on quality of our thoughts, but quality of our thoughts comes from good surrounding peoples.

This conference gives me a wonderful feelings, and some research topics to work towards, I met Dr. Muhammad H. Rashid, Dr.Joachim Holtz, Mr.Krish gopalakrishnan, Etc.


Best thoughts and inspirational words we can get from conferences. Here I placed Dr. Muhammad H. Rashid great words.

“If somebody asked me why do are u like to write a books, I believe that as u said the lightning warms mine podium sole, u need the large knowledge, and books are the like a staircase is to attain that one, and that’s the meanwhile I would like to write books. Two days before one that the Tuesday & Wednesday I am in Anna University, they asked me to give a lecture, I did that. one professor's, she comes to me and told last 10 years back I am a student in this room I studied your power electronics book, now I am professor in same university same room am teaching power electronics to student , that's the reason I am writing a books ”

A new material can convert carbon dioxide gas into formate - a fuel

A new material made from microscopic layers of cobalt can convert carbon dioxide gas into formate - a fuel that can be burned with no toxic byproductsand used as a clean energy source.

Developed by a team of researchers in China, the material could be one way to deal with the 36 gigatonnes of CO2 we release into the atmosphere each year due to fossil fuel use. Scientists have been struggling for decades to come up with an energy-efficient way to transform CO2 into something useful, and early testing points to this new material as being one of the most promising options we’ve seen so far.

"This represents a fundamental scientific breakthrough," Karthish Manthiram, a chemical engineer from the California Institute of Technology who was not involved in the research, told William Herkewitz at Popular Mechanics. 

"Certainly it will be a years-long process before this is worked into a successful, commercial device. But at this stage of development, by all conceivable metrics, this reaction looks very positive."

The material is just four atoms thick, and is made up of ultra-thin layers of pure cobalt metal and a cobalt oxide-cobalt metal mix. When it undergoes the process of electroreduction, which involves feeding a small electric current through the material to change the molecular structure of the CO2 inside, it produces a clean-burning fuel.

As Herkewitz explains, when an electric current is applied to the cobalt nanomaterial, it causes the molecules inside the material to interact with the CO2 molecules that are running freely through it. 

This causes hydrogen atoms to attach to carbon atoms from the CO2, prompting an extra electron to be propelled into one of its oxygen atoms. "With that, the CO2 becomes CHOO-, or formate," he says.

Lab tests with the material confirmed that it can maintain "stable current densities of about 10 milliamperes [of formate] per square centimetre over 40 hours, with approximately 90 percent formate selectivity at an overpotential of only 0.24 volts".

I know you want to, but don’t freak out about what all that actually means just yet.

This "overpotential" is the amount of energy lost due to the slowness of electrochemical reactions sustained by electrodes such as this one. The smaller the overpotential, the better, but in order to make something efficient, it has to maintain that small overpotential while also keeping the rate of fuel production up. This is where many attempts at CO2 electroreduction have fallen short in the past.

Manthiram, who is himself working on his own CO2 electroreduction solutions,told Popular Mechanics that not only can this new material sustain that low overpotential while also achieving a high rate of formate production, it manages to keep everything stable too. "It's very rare and difficult to find a material that satisfies all three of those constraints," he said, adding that this material is "the best we've seen" so far.

The team, from China's Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences, describes the material in the journal Nature. The next step will be to demonstrate how it can be incorporated into commercial technology so we can start using up some of the CO2 that's floating around in our atmosphere, causing trouble.