SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition)

SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) is a type of industrial control system (ICS). Industrial control systems are computer-controlled systems that monitor and control industrial processes that exist in the physical world. SCADA systems historically distinguish themselves from other ICS systems by being large-scale processes that can include multiple sites, and large distances.^[1] These processes include industrial, infrastructure, and facility-based processes, as described below:

• Industrial processes include those of manufacturing, production, power generation, fabrication, and refining, and may run in continuous, batch, repetitive, or discrete modes.
• Infrastructure processes may be public or private, and include water treatment and distribution, wastewater collection and treatment, oil and gas pipelines, electrical power transmission and distribution, wind farms, civil defense siren systems, and large communication systems.
• Facility processes occur both in public facilities and private ones, including buildings, airports, ships, and space stations. They monitor and control heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems (HVAC), access, and energy consumption.

A SCADA system usually consists of the following subsystems:

• Remote terminal units (RTUs) connect to sensors in the process and convert sensor signals to digital data. They have telemetry hardware capable of sending digital data to the supervisory system, as well as receiving digital commands from the supervisory system. RTUs often have embedded control capabilities such as ladder logic in order to accomplish boolean logic operations.
• Programmable logic controller (PLCs) connect to sensors in the process and converting sensor signals to digital data. PLCs have more sophisticated embedded control capabilities, typically one or more IEC 61131-3 programming languages, than RTUs. PLCs do not have telemetry hardware, although this functionality is typically installed alongside them. PLCs are sometimes used in place of RTUs as field devices because they are more economical, versatile, flexible, and configurable.
• A telemetry system is typically used to connect PLCs and RTUs with control centers, data warehouses, and the enterprise. Examples of wired telemetry media used in SCADA systems include leased telephone lines and WAN circuits. Examples of wireless telemetry media used in SCADA systems include satellite (VSAT), licensed and unlicensed radio, cellular and microwave.
• A data acquisition server is a software service which uses industrial protocols to connect software services, via telemetry, with field devices such as RTUs and PLCs. It allows clients to access data from these field devices using standard protocols.
• A human–machine interface or HMI is the apparatus or device which presents processed data to a human operator, and through this, the human operator monitors and interacts with the process. The HMI is a client that requests data from a data acquisition server.
• A Historian is a software service which accumulates time-stamped data, boolean events, and boolean alarms in a database which can be queried or used to populate graphic trends in the HMI. The historian is a client that requests data from a data acquisition server.

• SCADA is used as a safety tool as in lock-out tag-out
• A supervisory (computer) system, gathering (acquiring) data on the process and sending commands (control) to the process.
• Communication infrastructure connecting the supervisory system to the remote terminal units.
• Various process and analytical instrumentation

WORLDS LARGEST SWIMMING POOL

According to the Guiness book of records the worlds largest and deepest swimming pool is located at the
San Alfonso del Mar resort in Chile. It holds an amzing 66 million gallons of water and is more than 1000 yards
long! The water is so beautifully clear that you can see the bottom of the pool even at the deepest part which
is 115 feet deep. It cost close to one billion dollars to build and the yearly cost of maintaining the pool it
estimated to be approximately 2 million dollars.
This is a salt water lagoon style pool that uses a computer controlled suction and filtration system to ensure
that fresh, clean sea water is constantly circulating. Construction of the pool took around five years, it was
completed in 2006 and it is very comfortable to swim in as the sun warms it to a perfect 26C … so it is 9C
warmer than the nearby sea. It has been attracting record numbers of tourists to the area since it first opened
and likely will continue to do so.

EXCTING JOURNEY OVER GOTEIK VIADUCT

The Goteik viaduct, located in Nawnghkio, is one of Burma’s most stunning engineering marvel. Built by the
colonial British in the beginning of the 20th century, this spectacular railway bridge is the highest bridge in
Myanmar and when it was completed, in 1900, it was the largest railway trestle in the world.
The Goteik viaduct is located in the center of the country about 100 km northeast of the largest city of
Mandalay, between the two towns of Pyin U Lwin, the summer capital of the former British colonial
administrators of Burma, and Lashio, the principal town of northern Shan State. The rail line was built as a way
for the British Empire to expand their influence in the region. Constructed when the country was originally
called Burma, the bridge was designed and fabricated by the Pennsylvania Steel Company and shipped
overseas.


The viaduct stretches 689 meters from end to end supported by 15 towers. Many sources have put the height
of the bridge at 250 meters. This is supposedly a measurement to the river level as it flows underground
through a tunnel at the point it passes underneath the trestle. The true height of the bridge as measured from
the rail deck to the ground on the downstream side of the tallest tower is 102 meters.
Although larger concrete viaducts and steel cantilever bridges were constructed before and after Gokteik, no
other conventional box tower and girder type steel trestle has ever exceeded it in size except for the
monstrous Lethbridge Viaduct in Alberta, Canada which is about the same in height but more than twice the
length. The Joso bridge in the U.S. state of Washington, the Poughkeepsie bridge in the U.S. state of New
York and the original Kinzua viaduct in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania are the only other traditional steel trestles
that are equal in size to Gokteik


Gokteik also had the tallest bridge piers in the world at the time of its completion at 97.5 meters. The current
record is now held by France’s Millau Viaduct at a record breaking height of 245 meters.
Gokteik bridge can be reached by taking a train from Mandalay or Pyin U Lwin north towards Nawnghkio where
the bridge is located about 5 km further east. Crossing the bridge by train is a high-wire act. The bridge is
more than a century old, a rather crumbling antique, which adds to the white-knuckle experience. The train
moves at walking speed across the bridge to avoid the rocking motion that will further damage the bridge and,
possibly, plunge the train into the river below.

list of important days

January 9 NRI Day
January 10 World Laughter Day
January 12 National Youth Day
January 15 Army Day
January 26 India's Republic Day, International Customs Day
January 30 Martyrs' Day; World Leprosy Eradication Day

2nd Sunday of February World Marriage Day
February 24 Central Excise Day
February 28 National Science Day

Second Monday March Commonwealth Day
March 8 International Women's Day; Intl. literacy Day
March 15 World Disabled Day; World Consumer Rights Day
March 18 Ordnance Factories Day (India)
March 21 World Forestry Day; International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
March 22 World Day for Water
March 23 World Meteorological Day
March 24 World TB Day

April 5 National Maritime Day
April 7 World Health Day
April 17 World Haemophilia Day
April 18 World Heritage Day
April 21 Secretaries' Day
April 22 Earth Day
April 23 World Book and Copyright Day

May 1 Workers' Day (International Labour Day)
May 3 Press Freedom Day; World Asthma Day
May 2nd Sunday Mother's Day
May 4 Coal Miners' Day
May 8 World Red Cross Day
May 9 World Thalassaemia Day
May 11 National Technology Day
May 12 World Hypertension Day; International Nurses Day
May 15 International Day of the Family
May 17 World Telecommunication Day
May 24 Commonwealth Day
May 31 Anti-tobacco Day

June 4 International Day of Innocent Children Victims of Aggression
June 5 World Environment Day
June 3rd Sunday Father's Day
June 14 World Blood Donor Day
June 26 International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking

July 1 Doctor's Day
July 6 World Zoonoses Day
July 11 World Population Day

August 3 Internatioal Friendship Day
August 6 Hiroshima Day
August 8 World Senior Citizen's Day
August 9 Quit India Day, Nagasaki Day
August 15 Indian Independence Day
August 18 International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples
August 19 Photography Day
August 29 National Sports Day
August 19 Photography Day
August 29 National Sports Day

September 2 Coconut Day
September 5 Teachers' Day; Sanskrit Day
September 8 World Literacy Day (UNESCO)
September 15 Engineers' Day
September 16 World Ozone Day
September 21 Alzheimer's Day; Day for Peace & Non-violence (UN)
September 26 Day of the Deaf
September 27 World Tourism Day

October 1 International Day for the Elderly
October 2 Gandhi Jayanthi
October 3 World Habitat Day
October 4 World Animal Welfare Day
October 8 Indian Air Force Day
October 9 World Post Office Day
October 10 National Post Day
October 2nd Thursday World Sight Day
October 13 UN International Day for Natural Disaster Reduction
October 14 World Standards Day
October 15 World White Cane Day (guiding the blind)
October 16 World Food Day
October 24 UN Day; World Development Information Day
October 30 World Thrift Day

November 9 Legal Services Day
November 14 Children's Day; Diabetes Day
November 17 National Epilepsy Day
November 20 Africa Industrialization Day
November 29 International Day of Solidarity with Palestinian People

December 1 World AIDS Day
December 3 World Day of the Handicapped
December 4 Indian Navy Day
December 7 Indian Armed Forces Flag Day
December 10 Human Rights Day
December 18 Minorities Rights Day (India)
December 23 Kisan Divas (Farmer's Day) (India)

Underwater Tunnel In The Netherlands

The Aquaduct Veluwemeer is and underwater overpass located underneath a small part of lake Veluwemeer.
Lake Veluwemeer is not a natural lake, it is one of several lakes that were formed in 1957 when the
Flevopolder was created. The surface area of Lake Veluwemeer is over thirty kms, it is quite a shoolow like
with an average depth of 1.55m. The lake connects the Netherlands mainland to the artificial island of
Flevoland. Flevoland is the largest artificial island in the world. At least 28,000 vehicles travel via the
Veluwemeer Aquaduct on a daily basis since it was first opened to traffic in 2002.
The Ringvaart (ring canal) is a canal located in the Netherlands in the province of North Holland. It is a circular
canal which surrounds the Haarlemmermeer polder. It crosses the A4 highway via an aquaduct that was built in
1961. This is the oldest aquaduct in the Netherlands and the two newest portions of it were completed in
2006, it is now 1.8 kms long. The Ringvaart is used for both commercial and recreational boat traffic, the
tunnel allows both road traffic and water traffic to co-exist as conveniently as possible.